LLB Lecture (Semester 1)
Topic:
Meaning, Nature & Classification of Law
Meaning / Definition of Law
Law ka simple meaning hai:
Law ek aisa system of rules hai jo State (Government) banata ya recognise karta hai aur jisko courts enforce karte hain.
Law ka main kaam hota hai:
Society me order maintain karna.
Rights protect karna.
Justice provide karna.
Important Definitions:
Austin:
Law is the command of the sovereign backed by sanction.
(Matlab: State ka order + obey nahi kiya toh punishment)
Salmond:
Law is the body of principles recognised and applied by the State in administration of justice.
(Matlab: State ke accepted principles jo courts apply karte hain).
Holland:
Law is the general rule of external human action enforced by political authority.
(Matlab: Human actions ko regulate karne wale general rules).
Nature / Features of Law
Law ka nature samajhne ke liye yeh points yaad rakho:
Law is a rule of conduct
Law human behaviour ko regulate karta hai.
Law is made/recognised by the State
Sirf moral rule law nahi hota. Law wahi hota hai jo State accept kare.
Law is enforceable
Law break karne pe court punishment ya remedy deta hai.
Law is general
Law ek person ke liye nahi hota. Sab ke liye apply hota hai.
Law is dynamic
Society change hoti hai toh law bhi change hota hai.
Law maintains social order
Law chaos ko control karta hai aur discipline create karta hai.
Law protects rights
Rights ka protection practical form me law se hota hai.
Law aims at justice
Har law ka final aim justice hota hai.
Law vs Other Rules (Basic Difference)
Law and Morality:
Morality conscience aur society ke standards pe based hoti hai.
Law State banata hai aur court enforce karta hai.
Har immoral act illegal nahi hota.
Example: Jhoot bolna immoral hai, par har jhoot crime nahi hota.
Law and Custom:
Custom society ki purani practice hoti hai.
Law State ka formal rule hota hai.
Custom tabhi law ban sakta hai jab State usko accept kar le.
Example: Marriage customs vs Marriage Acts.
Classification of Law (Main Types)
Public Law:
Public law State aur citizens ke relation ko govern karta hai.
Isme State ka role directly hota hai.
Examples:
Constitutional Law.
Administrative Law.
Criminal Law.
Example:
Government agar kisi ka fundamental right violate kare, toh public law apply hota hai.
Private Law:
Private law individuals ke beech ke relation ko govern karta hai.
Isme government direct party nahi hoti.
Examples:
Contract Law.
Family Law.
Property Law.
Tort Law.
Example: Landlord aur tenant ka dispute private law me aata hai.
Substantive Law:
Substantive law batata hai:
Rights kya hain.
Duties kya hain.
Crime kya hai.
Liability kya hai.
Example: IPC (Indian Penal Code) murder, theft, assault define karta hai.
Procedural Law:
Procedural law batata hai:
Court me case kaise chalega.
Trial ka process kya hoga.
Evidence kaise prove hoga.
Examples:
CrPC (Criminal Procedure Code).
CPC (Civil Procedure Code).
Indian Evidence Act.
Easy trick:
Substantive = WHAT
Procedural = HOW
Civil Law:
Civil law private disputes ko deal karta hai.
Isme aim punishment nahi hota, aim remedy hota hai.
Examples:
Contract breach.
Property dispute.
Divorce case.
Result usually hota hai:
Compensation.
Damages.
Injunction.
Criminal Law:
Criminal law offences against society ko deal karta hai.
Isme aim punishment hota hai.
Examples:
Murder.
Theft.
Assault.
Result usually hota hai:
Jail.
Fine.
Punishment.
Municipal Law:
Municipal law ka meaning hota hai:
Country ke andar ka domestic law.
Example:
Indian Constitution, IPC, CrPC, Contract Act.
International Law:
International law countries ke beech apply hota hai.
Example:
Treaties, war rules, international agreements.
Written Law:
Written law wo hota hai jo Acts, codes, constitution me clearly likha hota hai.
Examples:
Constitution of India.
IPC.
CrPC.
CPC.
Unwritten Law:
Unwritten law mainly customs aur precedents se banta hai.
Example:
Some personal law customs, judicial precedents.
Natural Law:
Natural law ka base morality aur justice hota hai.
Isme concept hota hai ki kuch rights universal hote hain.
Example:
Human dignity, fairness, equality.
Positive Law:
Positive law State-made law hota hai.
Jo parliament/legislature banata hai.
Example:
IPC, Motor Vehicles Act, Contract Act.
Example (Easy Real Life)
Example 1 Theft:
Substantive law: IPC theft define karega.
Procedural law: CrPC arrest + trial ka process batayega.
Criminal law: punishment hoga.
Public law: society ke against offence hai.
Example 2 Contract breach:
Substantive law: Contract Act.
Procedural law: CPC.
Civil law: compensation milega.
Private law: individual vs individual dispute hai.
Conclusion
Law ek State-recognised system hai jo society me order maintain karta hai, rights protect karta hai aur justice deliver karta hai. Law ka nature enforceable aur dynamic hota hai. Classification of law ka purpose ye hai ki hum samajh saken ki kis situation me kaunsa law apply hoga.
