Analytical School of Law (Legal Positivism)
Meaning / Definition
Analytical School kehta hai:
Law wahi hai jo State banaye aur enforce kare. Law ka morality se koi direct relation nahi hai.
Matlab agar koi law morally galat bhi ho, phir bhi agar wo sahi procedure se pass hua hai, toh wo valid law hai.
Main Points
Law aur Morality alag hain.
Natural Law kehta tha:
Law = Morality.
Analytical School kehta hai:
Law ≠ Morality.
Yani law ko judge karte waqt yeh nahi dekhenge ki wo sahi hai ya galat, bas dekhenge ki valid hai ya nahi.
Command Theory – John Austin
Austin kehta tha:
Law = Command + Sovereign + Sanction
Command → Hukm
Sovereign → Jiske paas ultimate power ho (State)
Sanction → Saza agar rule todoge
Example:
Helmet pehna compulsory hai.
Agar nahi pehna → Fine lagega.
Yeh law valid hai kyunki State ne banaya aur punishment bhi hai.
Important Thinkers:
Jeremy Bentham:
Positivism ke founder maane jate hain.
Codified law support kiya.
John Austin:
Command theory diya.
H. L. A. Hart:
Austin ko improve kiya.
Primary aur Secondary rules ka concept diya.
Hart ka Concept:
Primary Rules → Logon ko batate hain kya karna hai / kya nahi karna.
Secondary Rules → Batate hain law kaise banega, change hoga, apply hoga.
Example:
IPC sections = Primary rule
Constitution amendment process = Secondary rule
Criticism
Morality ko ignore karta hai.
Har law command nahi hota (customs ka kya?).
Democracy mein sovereignty absolute nahi hoti.
Natural Law wale bolte hain:
Agar law unjust hai, toh wo true law nahi hai.
Simple Comparison
Natural Law:
Law = Morality.
Justice important.
Unjust law = Invalid.
Analytical School:
Law ≠ Morality.
Authority important.
Unjust law bhi valid ho sakta hai.
Conclusion
Analytical School practical approach deta hai:
Law ko waise dekho jaisa wo hai (as it is), na ki jaisa hona chahiye (as it ought to be).
Yeh modern legal system samajhne ke liye important hai, lekin moral angle missing hai.
